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to be loaded with honours

  • 1 loaded with honours

    غرق‌ افتخار

    English to Farsi dictionary > loaded with honours

  • 2 loaded

    loaded [ˈləʊdɪd]
       a. ( = full) chargé
       d. [dice] pipé
    * * *
    ['ləʊdɪd]
    1) (full, laden) [tray, lorry, gun] chargé ( with de); fig
    2) ( weighed down) [person] chargé ( with de); fig
    3) (colloq) fig ( rich) plein aux as (colloq), bourré de fric (colloq)
    4) ( leading) [question] tendancieux/-ieuse
    5) (colloq) US ( drunk) bourré (colloq)

    English-French dictionary > loaded

  • 3 loaded

    1 (full, laden) [tray, dress-rail, plane, lorry, gun] chargé (with de) ; fig loaded with meaning ou significance plein de sens ;
    2 ( weighed down) [person] chargé (with de) ; fig to be loaded with honours/medals être couvert d'honneurs/de médailles ;
    3 ○ fig ( rich) plein aux as ○, bourré de fric ○ ;
    4 ( leading) [question] tendancieux/-ieuse ;
    5 Ind [substance] chargé (with de) ;
    6 ○ US ( drunk) bourré ○.

    Big English-French dictionary > loaded

  • 4 loaded

    ['ləʊdɪd] 1. 2.
    1) (full) [tray, lorry] carico, caricato ( with di); [ gun] carico

    loaded with meaning — fig. carico o pieno di significato

    2) (weighed down) [ person] carico ( with di)

    to be loaded with honours — fig. essere carico o coperto di onori

    3) colloq. fig. (rich) ricco sfondato
    4) (leading) [ question] tendenzioso, insidioso
    5) AE colloq. (drunk) sbronzo
    * * *
    1) (carrying a load: a loaded van.) carico
    2) ((of a gun) containing ammunition: a loaded pistol.) carico
    3) ((of a camera) containing film.) carico
    * * *
    loaded /ˈləʊdɪd/
    a.
    1 caricato; carico ( anche fig.): a cart loaded with fruit, un carretto carico di frutta: He's loaded with worries, è carico (o pieno) di preoccupazioni
    2 ( di fucile, ecc.) carico
    4 (fig.) fazioso; di parte, parziale; prevenuto: a loaded argument, un argomento fazioso; a loaded decision, una decisione di parte
    5 ( di una domanda, ecc.) tendenzioso; insidioso; capzioso
    8 (fam. USA: di una persona) pronto a esplodere, ad arrabbiarsi; ( di una situazione, ecc.) esplosivo
    9 ( slang USA) sbronzo; ( anche) drogato, sotto l'effetto della droga
    ● loaded cane (o stick), bastone animato □ a loaded cigar, un sigaro esplosivo ( come arma) □ loaded price, prezzo sovraccaricato □ (trasp.) loaded weight, peso a pieno carico □ (pop.) to get loaded on whisky, sbronzarsi di whisky □ to be loaded down with debts, essere carico di debiti □ to be loaded down with work, essere stracarico di lavoro.
    * * *
    ['ləʊdɪd] 1. 2.
    1) (full) [tray, lorry] carico, caricato ( with di); [ gun] carico

    loaded with meaning — fig. carico o pieno di significato

    2) (weighed down) [ person] carico ( with di)

    to be loaded with honours — fig. essere carico o coperto di onori

    3) colloq. fig. (rich) ricco sfondato
    4) (leading) [ question] tendenzioso, insidioso
    5) AE colloq. (drunk) sbronzo

    English-Italian dictionary > loaded

  • 5 load

    1. I
    1) load! заряжай!
    2) the ship is loading судно на погрузке; they started loading они начали погрузку /грузиться/
    2. II
    load in some manner load quickly! заряжай быстро /быстрее/!
    3. III
    1) load smth. load a ship (a cart, a car, a wagon, a horse, a donkey, etc.) грузить / нагружать/ корабль и т. д., load a basket наполнять корзину; load a washing-machine загрузить / заложить белье в/ стиральную машину; are they loading or unloading the vessel? что, они грузят или разгружают пароход?; load grain (coal, fruit, the goods, etc.) грузить зерно и т. д., производить погрузку зерна и т. д.; load smb. load passengers производить посадку пассажиров
    2) load smth. load a gun (a firearm, a cannon, a camera, etc.) заряжать ружье и т. д., load wine подмешивать что-л. (спирт, наркотик, снотворное и т. п.) в вино; load one's questions (one's remarks) придать вопросу (замечанию) подтекст /дополнительный смысл, многозначительность/; the attorney kept loading his questions in the hope of getting the sort of reply he wanted прокурор продолжал задавать наводящие /провокационные/ вопросы в надежде получить желаемый ответ; load a cane утяжелить трость [налив в нее свинец]
    4. XI
    be loaded the gun is loaded винтовка заряжена; the revolver was loaded револьвер был заряжен; are you loaded? у вас заряжено ружье?; I was not loaded я не был вооружен; the wine has been loaded в вино что-то подмешано; be loaded with smth. the air is loaded with electricity в воздухе много электричества; the air is loaded with fragrance воздух напоен ароматом; the air was loaded with carbolic acid воздух был насыщен парами карболовой кислоты; shops are loaded with merchandize в магазине полно товаров; а table loaded with food стол, ломившийся от яств; the boughs of cherry-trees are loaded with blossoms ветви вишен усыпаны цветами; be loaded with gifts быть засыпанным подарками; he was loaded with honours его осыпали почестями
    5. XVI
    load for some place the ship /the steamer/ loads for America грузят пароход, идущий в Америку; load at some place the bus usually loads at the side-door посадка на автобус происходит у боковой двери; load into smth. the tourists loaded into the buses туристы сели в /заполнили/ автобусы; load with smb. the ship loaded with people in only 15 minutes пароход взял на борт пассажиров всего за пятнадцать минут
    6. XXI1
    load smth. with smth. load a ship with cotton (a car with baggage, a cart with timber, a truck with coal, etc.) грузить пароход хлопком и т. д.; load one's stomach with food наедаться, набивать желудок до отказа; load the memory with an infinity of detail забивать голову бесчисленными деталями; load smb. with smth. load smb. with parcels нагружать кого-л. свертками, надавать кому-л. свертков; load smb. with work нагрузить кого-л. работой; load oneself with obligations набрать /взять на себя/ много обязательств; load smb. with praise /with compliments/ захваливать кого-л.; load smb. with favours (with honours, with blessings, etc.) оказывать кому-л. множество услуг и т. д., load smb. with reproaches (with insult. with abuse, with curses, etc.) осыпать кого-л. упреками и т. д., the audience loaded him with the loudest applause публика наградила его бурей аплодисментов; load smth. (on)to smth., smb. load the hay onto the cart кидать сено на воз; load duties on one's assistant надавать своему помощнику [много] поручений; load smth. to its full capacity нагрузить что-л. дополна; load the bus to its full capacity of thirty passengers заполнить автобус до отказа, посадив всех тридцать пассажиров

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > load

  • 6 load

    1. [ləʋd] n
    1. 1) груз

    load carrier - авт. грузовой транспортёр

    load capacity - тех. грузоподъёмность

    2) ноша, тяжесть

    to bear a load on one's back [on one's shoulders] - нести тяжесть на спине [на плечах]

    to take a load off one's feet - присесть; дать отдых ногам

    3) бремя

    a load of care [of responsibility] - бремя забот [ответственности]

    a load off one's mind - ≅ гора с плеч; камень с души свалился

    to take a load off smb.'s mind - снять тяжесть с души у кого-л.

    2. 1) нагрузка (тж. тех.)

    working load - рабочая /полезная/ нагрузка

    peak load - максимальная /пиковая/ нагрузка

    a teaching load of twelve hours a week - педагогическая нагрузка двенадцать часов в неделю

    load diagram - спец. эпюра нагрузок, график нагрузки

    load factor - тех. коэффициент нагрузки

    2) метал. загрузка, садка, шихта, колоша
    3. обыкн. pl разг. множество; обилие, избыток

    loads of friends - толпа /масса/ друзей

    4. воен.
    1) заряд
    2) патрон
    3) артиллерийский выстрел
    5. партия груза на вагон
    6. лоуд ( мера веса)
    7. биол. снижение способности к выживанию средней особи в популяции из-за повреждений генома
    8. сл. «товар», запас нелегально приобретённых наркотиков
    9. (-load) как компонент сложных слов целый, полный:

    ♢ dead load см. dead load

    to have a load on - сл. «нагрузиться», здорово выпить

    to get a load of smth. - амер. сл. а) наблюдать что-л.; замечать /подмечать/ что-л.; get a load of that car - обрати внимание на этот автомобиль; б) брать (чьи-л. слова) на заметку

    did you get a load of what she said? - вы усекли, что она сказала?

    2. [ləʋd] v
    1. 1) грузить, нагружать (тж. load up)

    to load smb. with parcels - нагружать кого-л. свёртками

    to load one's stomach with food - перегружать желудок, объедаться

    hands loaded with diamonds - руки, унизанные бриллиантами

    2) грузиться (о корабле и т. п.)

    have you loaded up yet? - вы уже погрузились?

    3) производить посадку (на самолёт, автобус и т. п.)

    flight 709 to Rome now loading at gate 49 - у выхода 49 производится посадка на самолёт, следующий рейсом 709 Москва - Рим

    2. обременять

    to load a lot of work on one's staff - наваливать /взваливать/ массу работы на своих сотрудников; перегружать сотрудников работой

    a heart loaded with sorrow - сердце, переполненное горем

    3. осыпать

    to load smb. with favours [with honours, with reproaches, with insults] - осыпать кого-л. милостями [почестями, упрёками, оскорблениями]

    to load smb. with gifts - засыпать кого-л. подарками

    4. 1) заряжать ( оружие)

    load quickly! - заряжай!

    are you loaded? - у вас заряжено (ружьё)?

    2) заряжаться
    5. 1) заряжать плёнкой (кинокамеру, магнитофон и т. п.)
    2) (into) вставлять (плёнку, ленту и т. п.)

    to load a tape into a recorder - вставить плёнку /ленту/ в магнитофон

    6. 1) наливать свинцом, утяжелять

    to load the dice - а) наливать свинцом (игральные) кости ( шулерский приём); б) предрешать исход (игры и т. п.); в) представлять необъективно; настраивать в пользу (кого-л.) или против (кого-л.)

    2) передёргивать; извращать ( вопросы)

    he always loads his questions - он всегда так формулирует вопросы, чтобы получить нужный ему ответ

    1) разбавлять (водой, более дешёвым вином)
    2) крепить
    3) подбавлять наркотик
    8. насыщать

    air loaded with carbon - воздух, насыщенный углеродом

    9. жив. густо класть краску
    10. ком. делать наценку

    НБАРС > load

  • 7 load

    load [ləʊd]
    1. noun
       a. ( = cargo) charge f ; [of ship] cargaison f ; ( = weight) poids m
       b. ( = burden) charge f ; ( = mental strain) poids m
    • supporting his brother's family was a heavy load for him c'était pour lui une lourde charge de faire vivre la famille de son frère
    • that's a load off my mind! c'est un poids en moins !
       c. ► a load of > (inf) un tas de (inf)
    • that's a load of rubbish! tout ça c'est de la blague ! (inf)
    • get a load of this! (inf!) ( = look) vise (inf !) un peu ça !► loads of > (inf) des tas de (inf)
       a. charger ( with de)
       b. [+ dice] piper
    [ship, lorry] se charger ; [person] charger
    * * *
    [ləʊd] 1.
    1) ( something carried) charge f; (on vehicle, animal) chargement m; (on ship, plane) cargaison f; fig fardeau m
    2) Technology ( weight) charge f (on sur)
    3) (shipment, batch) (of sand, gravel) cargaison f
    4) Electricity charge f
    5) fig ( amount of work) travail m

    to lighten/spread the load — alléger/répartir le travail

    6) (colloq) ( a lot)

    a load ou a whole load of people — des tas (colloq) de gens

    that's a load of nonsense — (colloq) c'est de la blague (colloq)

    2.
    (colloq) loads plural noun

    loads of — ( plus plural nouns) des tas (colloq) de

    loads of times — plein de or des tas (colloq) de fois

    3.
    1) gen charger [vehicle, gun, washing machine] ( with de); mettre un film dans [camera]
    2) Computing charger [program]

    to load somebody with — combler or couvrir quelqu'un de [presents, honours]

    4.
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    get a load of this! — (colloq) ( listen) écoute un peu ça! (colloq)

    get a load of that! — (colloq) ( look) vise un peu ça! (colloq)

    English-French dictionary > load

  • 8 Load

    v. trans.
    Fill: P. and V. γεμίζειν; see Fill.
    Burden: P. and V. βαρύνειν.
    Be loaded: also V. βρίθεσθαι.
    Be loaded with: P. and V. γέμειν (gen.).
    A weight enough to load three waggons: V. τρισσῶν ἁμαξῶν ὡς ἀγώγιμον βάρος (Eur., Cycl. 385).
    Loaded with money: P. πλήρης ἀργυρίου.
    met., load with honours: P. and V. τιμαῖς αὐξάνειν, τιμαῖς αὔξειν.
    Load with reproaches: P. ὀνείδεσι περιβάλλειν (Dem. 740). V. ἀράσσειν ὀνείδεσι; see Reproach, Abuse.
    Distress: P. and V. πιέζειν.
    Be distressed: also P. and V. βαρύνεσθαι.
    ——————
    subs.
    P. and V. ἄχθος, τό, Ar. and V. βάρος, τό, V. βρῖθος, τό, φόρημα, τό, Ar. and P. φορτίον, τό.
    Anything that gives trouble: Ar. and P. φορτίον, τό, V. ἄχθος, τό, βάρος, τό, φόρτος, ὁ; see Burden.
    Freight: P. and V. γόμος, ὁ; see Freight.

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Load

  • 9 load

    1. n
    1) вантаж
    2) тягар, ноша, вага, тяжкість
    3) навантаження

    a teaching load of ten hours a week — педагогічне навантаження — десять годин на тиждень

    4) партія вантажу на вагон (судно, віз)
    6) мет. завантаження, садка, шихта, колоша
    7) pl розм. безліч, велика кількість
    8) військ. заряд; набій
    9) артилерійський постріл

    load displacement — мор. повна водотоннажність

    load factor — тех. коефіцієнт навантаження

    load limit — граничне (найбільше) навантаження

    to have a load on — добре випити, напитися

    2. v
    1) вантажити, навантажувати
    2) вантажитися, завантажуватися (про корабель, вагон тощо)
    3) обтяжувати (турботами)
    4) обсипати, обдаровувати

    to load smb. with honours — обсипати когось почестями

    5) заряджати (зброю)
    6) наливати свинцем, робити важчим
    7) додавати наркотики (до вина)
    8) насичувати
    9) вживати наркотики; випробовувати на собі вплив наркотиків
    10) жив. накладати густо фарбу

    to load up — навантажуватися; розм. наїдатися, об'їдатися; напиватися

    to get loaded — нализатися, напитися

    * * *
    I n

    load capacity — тex. вантажопідйомність; ноша, вага; тягар

    2) навантаження (тex.); load factor тex. коефіцієнт навантаження; метал. завантаження, садка, шихта, колоша
    3) pl велика кількість, надмір
    4) вiйcьк. заряд; патрон; артилерійський постріл
    7) бioл. зниження здатності до виживання
    8) cл. запас нелегально придбаних наркотиків
    II v
    1) вантажити, навантажувати ( load up); вантажитися, завантажуватися ( про корабель); здійснювати посадку (на літак, автобус)
    2) обтяжувати (турботами, роботою)
    3) осипати, закидати (подарунками, докорами)
    4) заряджати ( зброю); заряджатися
    6) наливати свинцем; пересмикувати; перекручувати ( питання)
    7) ( про вино) розбавляти (водою, більше дешевим вином); кріпити; підбавляти наркотик, жapг. "заряджати"
    9) жив. густо класти фарбу
    10) кoм. робити націнку

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > load

  • 10 load

    I 1. [ləʊd]
    1) (sth. carried) (on animal, vehicle, etc.) carico m.; fig. peso m., carico m., fardello m.
    2) tecn. (weight) carico m., pressione f., spinta f.
    3) (shipment) (of sand, cement) carico m.
    4) el. carico m.
    5) fig. (amount of work) (carico di) lavoro m.
    6) colloq. (a lot)

    a (whole) load of people — un mucchio o sacco di gente

    2.
    nome plurale loads colloq.

    loads of — un mucchio o sacco di [people, work, money]

    ••

    get a load of this! — (listen) ascolta un po'!

    get a load of that! — (look) guarda un po' quello!

    II 1. [ləʊd]
    1) caricare [vehicle, donkey, gun, washing machine, camera]
    2) inform. caricare [ program]
    3) fig.

    to load sb. with — colmare qcn. di [presents, honours]

    4) (tamper with) truccare [ dice]

    to load the dice against sb. — fig. svantaggiare in modo disonesto qcn

    2.
    verbo intransitivo fare un carico
    * * *
    [ləud] 1. noun
    1) (something which is being carried: The lorry had to stop because its load had fallen off; She was carrying a load of groceries.) carico
    2) (as much as can be carried at one time: two lorry-loads of earth.) carico
    3) (a large amount: He talked a load of rubbish; We ate loads of ice-cream.) sacco, mucchio
    4) (the power carried by an electric circuit: The wires were designed for a load of 15 amps.) carico
    2. verb
    1) (to take or put on what is to be carried (especially if heavy): They loaded the luggage into the car; The lorry was loading when they arrived.) caricare
    2) (to put ammunition into (a gun): He loaded the revolver and fired.) caricare
    3) (to put film into (a camera).) caricare
    •
    * * *
    I 1. [ləʊd]
    1) (sth. carried) (on animal, vehicle, etc.) carico m.; fig. peso m., carico m., fardello m.
    2) tecn. (weight) carico m., pressione f., spinta f.
    3) (shipment) (of sand, cement) carico m.
    4) el. carico m.
    5) fig. (amount of work) (carico di) lavoro m.
    6) colloq. (a lot)

    a (whole) load of people — un mucchio o sacco di gente

    2.
    nome plurale loads colloq.

    loads of — un mucchio o sacco di [people, work, money]

    ••

    get a load of this! — (listen) ascolta un po'!

    get a load of that! — (look) guarda un po' quello!

    II 1. [ləʊd]
    1) caricare [vehicle, donkey, gun, washing machine, camera]
    2) inform. caricare [ program]
    3) fig.

    to load sb. with — colmare qcn. di [presents, honours]

    4) (tamper with) truccare [ dice]

    to load the dice against sb. — fig. svantaggiare in modo disonesto qcn

    2.
    verbo intransitivo fare un carico

    English-Italian dictionary > load

  • 11 load

    A n
    1 ( sth carried) charge f ; (on vehicle, animal) chargement m ; (on ship, plane) cargaison f ; fig fardeau m ; a lorry shed its load on the motorway today aujourd'hui un camion a déversé tout son chargement sur l'autoroute ; to have a heavy load to bear fig avoir un lourd fardeau à porter ; to take a load off sb's mind soulager qn (d'un grand poids) ; it's a load off my mind je me sens soulagé ; a bus-load of children un autobus plein d'enfants ; a whole plane-load of passengers filled the departure lounge la salle d'embarquement de l'aéroport était remplie de passagers ;
    2 Tech, Mech ( weight) charge f (on sur) ; this beam has a load of 10 tons cette poutre a une charge limite de 10 tonnes ; do not exceed maximum load ne pas dépasser la charge maximum ;
    3 (shipment, batch) (of sand, gravel etc) cargaison f ; ( of cement) fournée f ; I've done four loads of washing this morning j'ai fait quatre machines de linge ce matin ;
    4 Elec charge f ;
    5 fig ( amount of work) travail m ; we must lighten the load of young doctors nous devons alléger le travail des jeunes médecins ; fig let's try and spread the load essayons de répartir le travail à faire ;
    6 ○ ( a lot) a load ou a whole load of people/books des tas ○ or des quantités de gens/livres.
    B ○ loads npl loads of people/photos/flowers des tas ○ de gens/photos/fleurs ; we've got loads of time nous avons tout notre temps or largement le temps ; there was loads of champagne il y avait du champagne en quantité ; we had loads to drink on n'a pas arrêté de boire ; I've seen/done it loads of times before je l'ai vu/fait je ne sais pas combien de fois ; to have loads of energy avoir de l'énergie à revendre ; to have loads of work avoir un travail fou ○ ; to have loads of money être plein aux as ○, être bourré de fric ○.
    C vtr
    1 gen charger [vehicle, ship, donkey, gun, washing machine] (with de) ; to load a camera mettre un film dans un appareil photo ; to load the luggage into the car charger les bagages dans la voiture ;
    2 Comput charger [program] ;
    3 Elec surcharger [system] ;
    4 Insur majorer [premium] ;
    5 fig (inundate, give generously) to load sb with combler or couvrir qn de [presents, honours] ;
    6 ( tamper with) piper [dice] ; to load the dice against sb fig truquer les cartes contre qn.
    D vi charger.
    get a load of this! ( listen) écoute un peu ça ○ ! ; get a load of that! ( look) vise un peu ça ○ ! ; that's a load of old rubbish ○ ou nonsense ou crap ◑ ou cobblers ◑ c'est de la blague ○ or foutaise ○.
    ■ load down:
    ▶ load [sb] down charger qn (with de) ; to be loaded down with sth plier ou ployer sous le poids de qch ; to load sb down with work accabler qn de travail.
    ■ load up:
    ▶ load up [lorry] charger, prendre son chargement ;
    ▶ load [sth] up [person] charger [van, ship] (with de).

    Big English-French dictionary > load

  • 12 Goldmark, Peter Carl

    [br]
    b. 2 December 1906 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 7 December 1977 Westchester Co., New York, USA
    [br]
    Austro-Hungarian engineer who developed the first commercial colour television system and the long-playing record.
    [br]
    After education in Hungary and a period as an assistant at the Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Goldmark moved to England, where he joined Pye of Cambridge and worked on an experimental thirty-line television system using a cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display. In 1936 he moved to the USA to work at Columbia Broadcasting Laboratories. There, with monochrome television based on the CRT virtually a practical proposition, he devoted his efforts to finding a way of producing colour TV images: in 1940 he gave his first demonstration of a working system. There then followed a series of experimental field-sequential colour TV systems based on segmented red, green and blue colour wheels and drums, where the problem was to find an acceptable compromise between bandwidth, resolution, colour flicker and colour-image breakup. Eventually he arrived at a system using a colour wheel in combination with a CRT containing a panchromatic phosphor screen, with a scanned raster of 405 lines and a primary colour rate of 144 fields per second. Despite the fact that the receivers were bulky, gave relatively poor, dim pictures and used standards totally incompatible with the existing 525-line, sixty fields per second interlaced monochrome (black and white) system, in 1950 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), anxious to encourage postwar revival of the industry, authorized the system for public broadcasting. Within eighteen months, however, bowing to pressure from the remainder of the industry, which had formed its own National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) to develop a much more satisfactory, fully compatible system based on the RCA three-gun shadowmask CRT, the FCC withdrew its approval.
    While all this was going on, Goldmark had also been working on ideas for overcoming the poor reproduction, noise quality, short playing-time (about four minutes) and limited robustness and life of the long-established 78 rpm 12 in. (30 cm) diameter shellac gramophone record. The recent availability of a new, more robust, plastic material, vinyl, which had a lower surface noise, enabled him in 1948 to reduce the groove width some three times to 0.003 in. (0.0762 mm), use a more lightly loaded synthetic sapphire stylus and crystal transducer with improved performance, and reduce the turntable speed to 33 1/3 rpm, to give thirty minutes of high-quality music per side. This successful development soon led to the availability of stereophonic recordings, based on the ideas of Alan Blumlein at EMI in the 1930s.
    In 1950 Goldmark became a vice-president of CBS, but he still found time to develop a scan conversion system for relaying television pictures to Earth from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. He also almost brought to the market a domestic electronic video recorder (EVR) system based on the thermal distortion of plastic film by separate luminance and coded colour signals, but this was overtaken by the video cassette recorder (VCR) system, which uses magnetic tape.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Award 1945. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Vladimir K. Zworykin Award 1961.
    Bibliography
    1951, with J.W.Christensen and J.J.Reeves, "Colour television. USA Standard", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 39: 1,288 (describes the development and standards for the short-lived field-sequential colour TV standard).
    1949, with R.Snepvangers and W.S.Bachman, "The Columbia long-playing microgroove recording system", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37:923 (outlines the invention of the long-playing record).
    Further Reading
    E.W.Herold, 1976, "A history of colour television displays", Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 64:1,331.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Goldmark, Peter Carl

  • 13 Caproni, Giovanni Battista (Gianni), Conte di Taliedo

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 3 June 1886 Massone, Italy
    d. 29 October 1957 Rome, Italy
    [br]
    Italian aircraft designer and manufacturer, well known for his early large-aircraft designs.
    [br]
    Gianni Caproni studied civil and electrical engineering in Munich and Liège before moving on to Paris, where he developed an interest in aeronautics. He built his first aircraft in 1910, a biplane with a tricycle undercarriage (which has been claimed as the world's first tricycle undercarriage). Caproni and his brother, Dr Fred Caproni, set up a factory at Malpensa in northern Italy and produced a series of monoplanes and biplanes. In 1913 Caproni astounded the aviation world with his Ca 30 three-engined biplane bomber. There followed many variations, of which the most significant were the Ca 32 of 1915, the first large bomber to enter service in significant numbers, and the Ca 42 triplane of 1917 with a wing span of almost 30 metres.
    After the First World War, Caproni designed an even larger aircraft with three pairs of triplane wings (i.e. nine wings each of 30 metres span) and eight engines. This Ca 60 flying boat was designed to carry 100 passengers. In 1921 it made one short flight lightly loaded; however, with a load of sandbags representing sixty passengers, it crashed soon after take-off. The project was abandoned but Caproni's company prospered and expanded to become one of the largest groups of companies in Italy. In the 1930s Caproni aircraft twice broke the world altitude record. Several Caproni types were in service when Italy entered the Second World War, and an unusual research aircraft was under development. The Caproni-Campini No. 1 (CC2) was a jet, but it did not have a gas-turbine engine. Dr Campini's engine used a piston engine to drive a compressor which forced air out through a nozzle, and by burning fuel in this airstream a jet was produced. It flew with limited success in August 1940, amid much publicity: the first German jet (1939) and the first British jet (1941) were both flown in secret. Caproni retained many of his early aircraft for his private museum, including some salvaged parts from his monstrous flying boat.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created Conte di Taliedo 1940.
    Further Reading
    Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, 1976, Vol. XIX.
    The Caproni Museum has published two books on the Caproni aeroplanes: Gli Aeroplani Caproni -1909–1935 and Gli Aeroplani Caproni dal 1935 in poi. See also Jane's
    fighting Aircraft of World War 1; 1919, republished 1990.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Caproni, Giovanni Battista (Gianni), Conte di Taliedo

  • 14 Sprague, Frank Julian

    [br]
    b. 25 July 1857 Milford, Connecticut, USA
    d. 25 October 1934 New York, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and inventor, a leading innovator in electric propulsion systems for urban transport.
    [br]
    Graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, in 1878, Sprague served at sea and with various shore establishments. In 1883 he resigned from the Navy and obtained employment with the Edison Company; but being convinced that the use of electricity for motive power was as important as that for illumination, in 1884 he founded the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company. Sprague began to develop reliable and efficient motors in large sizes, marketing 15 hp (11 kW) examples by 1885. He devised the method of collecting current by using a wooden, spring-loaded rod to press a roller against the underside of an overhead wire. The installation by Sprague in 1888 of a street tramway on a large scale in Richmond, Virginia, was to become the prototype of the universally adopted trolley system with overhead conductor and the beginning of commercial electric traction. Following the success of the Richmond tramway the company equipped sixty-seven other railways before its merger with Edison General Electric in 1890. The Sprague traction motor supported on the axle of electric streetcars and flexibly mounted to the bogie set a pattern that was widely adopted for many years.
    Encouraged by successful experiments with multiple-sheave electric elevators, the Sprague Elevator Company was formed and installed the first set of high-speed passenger cars in 1893–4. These effectively displaced hydraulic elevators in larger buildings. From experience with control systems for these, he developed his system of multiple-unit control for electric trains, which other engineers had considered impracticable. In Sprague's system, a master controller situated in the driver's cab operated electrically at a distance the contactors and reversers which controlled the motors distributed down the train. After years of experiment, Sprague's multiple-unit control was put into use for the first time in 1898 by the Chicago South Side Elevated Railway: within fifteen years multiple-unit operation was used worldwide.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1892–3. Franklin Institute Elliot Cresson Medal 1904, Franklin Medal 1921. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1910.
    Bibliography
    1888, "The solution of municipal rapid transit", Trans. AIEE 5:352–98. See "The multiple unit system for electric railways", Cassiers Magazine, (1899) London, repub. 1960, 439–460.
    1934, "Digging in “The Mines of the Motor”", Electrical Engineering 53, New York: 695–706 (a short autobiography).
    Further Reading
    Lionel Calisch, 1913, Electric Traction, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., Ch. 6 (for a near-contemporary view of Sprague's multiple-unit control).
    D.C.Jackson, 1934, "Frank Julian Sprague", Scientific Monthly 57:431–41.
    H.C.Passer, 1952, "Frank Julian Sprague: father of electric traction", in Men of Business, ed. W. Miller, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 212–37 (a reliable account).
    ——1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass. P.Ransome-Wallis (ed.), 1959, The Concise Encyclopaedia of World Railway
    Locomotives, London: Hutchinson, p. 143..
    John Marshall, 1978, A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    GW / PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Sprague, Frank Julian

  • 15 Siemens, Sir Charles William

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germany
    d. 19 November 1883 London, England
    [br]
    German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.
    [br]
    Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.
    Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.
    In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.
    The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.
    Bibliography
    27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).
    1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.
    Further Reading
    W.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).
    S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in the
    Progress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William

  • 16 Breguet, Abraham-Louis

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    baptized 10 January 1747 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
    d. 17 September 1823 Paris, France
    [br]
    Swiss clock-and watchmaker who made many important contributions to horology.
    [br]
    When Breguet was 11 years old his father died and his mother married a Swiss watchmaker who had Paris connections. His stepfather introduced him to horology and this led to an apprenticeship in Paris, during which he also attended evening classes in mathematics at the Collège Mazarin. In 1775 he married and set up a workshop in Paris, initially in collaboration with Xavier Gide. There he established a reputation among the aristocracy for elegant and innovative timepieces which included a perpétuelle, or self-winding watch, which he developed from the ideas of Perrelet. He also enjoyed the patronage of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. During the French Revolution his life was in danger and in 1793 he fled to Neuchâtel. The two years he spent there comprised what was intellectually one of his most productive periods and provided many of the ideas that he was able to exploit after he had returned to Paris in 1795. By the time of his death he had become the most prestigious watchmaker in Europe: he supplied timepieces to Napoleon and, after the fall of the Empire, to Louis XVIII, as well as to most of the crowned heads of Europe.
    Breguet divided his contributions to horology into three categories: improvements in appearance and functionality; improvements in durability; and improvements in timekeeping. His pendule sympathique was in the first category and consisted of a clock which during the night set a watch to time, regulated it and wound it. His parachute, a spring-loaded bearing, made a significant contribution to the durability of a watch by preventing damage to its movement if it was dropped. Among the many improvements that Breguet made to timekeeping, two important ones were the introduction of the overcoil balance spring and the tourbillon. By bending the outside end of the balance spring over the top of the coils Breguet was able to make the oscillations of the balance isochronous, thus achieving for the flat spring what Arnold had already accomplished for the cylindrical balance spring. The timekeeping of a balance is also dependent on its position, and the tourbillon was an attempt to average-out positional errors by placing the balance wheel and the escapement in a cage that rotated once every minute. This principle was revived in a simplified form in the karussel at the end of the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Horloger de la marine 1815. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1815.
    Bibliography
    Breguet gathered information for a treatise on horology that was never published but which was later plagiarized by Louis Moinet in his Traité d'horlogerie, 1848.
    Further Reading
    G.Daniels, 1974, The An of Breguet, London (an account of his life with a good technical assessment of his work).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Breguet, Abraham-Louis

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